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Some Apple keyboards, such as the Apple //e, some early Macintosh models, and the venerable Apple Extended Keyboard have the homing bumps on the D and K keys instead of the standard F and J keys that almost everyone else uses. (e.g. IBM's venerable Model M)

Why? It frustrates touch typists so it seems like there must be some good reason.

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    Which ones are you thinking about? Commented Mar 7, 2020 at 18:44
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    I would have sworn the bumps existed on mechanical typewriter keyboards for touch typing finger placement. I even remember being taught that in my 7th grade typing class. But I just dug out and looked at two mechanical typewriters here and no bumps. My reality is unraveling as I type.
    – Geo...
    Commented Mar 8, 2020 at 1:17
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    @BrianH Sure. What I tried to point out is that 'Classic Mac' is usually associated with the original Mac, which most definitely didn't have the nipples (it also easy to be confused with the Mac Classic). See the list in my answer (got all of that machines here on shelf).
    – Raffzahn
    Commented Mar 8, 2020 at 21:25
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    A minor nitpick, but are bumps really intended for touch typists, or people learning touch typing? As a touch typist myself, I can't imagine ever needing to feel my way to the bumps to know where my fingers are.
    – JBentley
    Commented Mar 9, 2020 at 13:04
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    @JBentley, Have you never started typing with your hands out-of-position by one row or one column? I've been using qwerty keyboards for forty five years now, and I still do it every once in a while. It used to be less likely when keyboards didn't have quite so many keys as they have today. Commented Mar 9, 2020 at 20:20

4 Answers 4

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The official answer (archived here) is that they pretty much made it up as they went along:

At some time in Apple's history it was decided to put the "bumps" on the D and K keys while some other computer companies use the F and J keys. With the release of the PowerBook G3 Series, Apple moved the bumps to the F and J keys.

Apple engineering has indicated there is no standard, such as ISO or ANSI that specifies which keys should have these "bumps," or that they should have the "bumps" at all.

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    There is an original (pre computer) sytem for learning with D/K as it's to be detected with your middle finger - much like the dor on 5 for numeric keyboards - except, so far I couldn't find any reference written or on the internet.
    – Raffzahn
    Commented Mar 7, 2020 at 19:58
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Personally I know this from a typewriter course in school (ca. 1973). The machines we used hat slightly different cavity on D/K to support touch-typing. we were supposed always rest our middle fingers there while having the rest afloat. A similar lesson was given for the use of adding machines with a similar keycap for the 5 key. But so far I couldn't find any reference online.

This was Germany. Comments and other answer suggest that it was similar in other European countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden). So D/K might have been a de facto standard for pre-computer typing to support a touch type method used at least in Europe, which Apple may have used.

Some Apple specific timeline:

  • Original Apple II, II+, III, Lisa and Macintosh didn't have any markings.

  • The IIe keyboard (1983) was the first to introduce them on D/K.

  • All later Apple II (IIe, IIc, IIc+) also got them while the 'professional (III, Lisa, Macintosh) stayed without.

  • The Macintosh Plus (1986) keyboard was the first in the Mac line with bumps (D/K).

  • They stayed there on all following (ADB) keyboards (Mac as well as Apple IIgs).

  • With introduction of USB keyboards(*1) with the eMac, they got moved to F/J.

  • All Apple Keyboards since ~2000 have them at F/J


*1 - Essentially using the PC keyboard hardware.

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    It's not specific to Germany. As I recall, at least some Danish/Norwegian typewriters were the same. Commented Mar 7, 2020 at 20:27
  • @Героямслава Apple eMac The first tr to have a stupid lower case letter in fromt.
    – Raffzahn
    Commented Jul 21, 2023 at 8:47
  • @Raffzahn - the eMac was from 2002, the USB iMac G3 1998.
    – scruss
    Commented Jul 21, 2023 at 14:28
  • @scruss yes,but did that keyboard already have the bumps on F/J? My recollection is it came only with the eMac as part of some school requirement. Might be wrong. Don't havve a genuine 1998 iMac at hand.
    – Raffzahn
    Commented Jul 21, 2023 at 20:50
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The bumps were on the D and K keys because these letters are touched by the longest fingers, which come into contact with the keyboard first if the hands are relaxed.

Landing on the wrong key is recognised instantly.

Having to bend your three fingers on each hand, lifting up the thumbs to make room for letting the index fingers detect being in the right position takes more effort. Also leaning on the keyboard idling is keeping into contact with the middle fingers on the D and K keys, confirming correct placements while hand muscles are relaxed.

This may not be a big effort, but if it is one you have to sustain all day, it matters. Back in the day it was rumoured that Apple had its word processors tested by typists that were used to mechanical type writers. I can imagine they also had a voice in the decision of bumping the D and K.

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  • No one touch-types with their fingers extended.
    – KRyan
    Commented Mar 9, 2020 at 19:33
  • That's an interesting concept and I believe one of opinion. As a touch typest when I rest my hands on the keyboard naturally my middle fingers lie on (e) and (i) respectively. It could well be that most people do not type this way but I believe resting your fingers on (d) and (k) would require you to bend your fingers? Commented Mar 10, 2020 at 10:45
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    People who wear very long artificial nails do touch type with their fingers extended. It looks as awkward as you'd imagine.
    – davidbak
    Commented Jul 20, 2023 at 16:13
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    +1 for the longest finger argument. I personally specified pips on the Keytronic keyboard we had designed for the last computer system we built at a company I worked for in the 80's, and I put them on D/K for just this reason. To match the pip on the 5 numeric keypad key. I no longer recall exactly why/how I came to do this, whether I read it somewhere or... but I clearly remember the rationale.
    – jimc
    Commented Feb 28 at 18:01
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I learned to touch type while doing my service in the Swedish Air Force. We were trained to use D and K as home keys for left and right middle finger.

This was in 1989, and it was a standard in Sweden in touch typing courses.

I checked on two keyboards (all swedish variant): my LK201 keyboard: no marking on dfjk while the ibm type M at f and j.

Runes datormuseum has a picture of a ABC99 keyboard which is a mid 80s swedish made computer keyboard for the ABC1600 unix machine, this kbd has a small marking on F & J, so i wonder if it really was swedish made or if it was sourced from Japan for example.

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  • From memory, my LK201 keyboard at least has the D and J curved slightly differently. The curve is deeper on those keys, but there's no little bump. Commented Jul 20, 2023 at 16:01

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