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While nominally 241 scan lines were visible in the sense they contained video information, all TV sets hid a varying amount of scan lines on top and bottom (and left and right) by overscan and by the …

These video terminals started supporting graphics and a bit later also color graphics. The first color graphics video terminal from DEC was the VT241 with Regis and Sixel graphics from 1983. … BTW, Sixel graphics still work in many Linux terminal windows on modern systems. An early color graphics IBM video terminal (non-Unix) is the IBM 3179G from 1984. I am sure there were others. …

ECM pulls bit 9 and 10 for bitmap access low (while bits 11 and 12 keep getting valid values), "so the graphics is - roughly said - made up of four 'sections' that are each repeated four times." …

3D accelerators in the sense you are describing for a pipeline rendering triangles etc. only came up after discrete logic was already phased out for much higher integration. So you'd have accelerators …

The PLATO system, starting with PLATO IV (1972), had 512x512 bitmap terminals that connected to a mainframe (CDC Cyber). Many early iterations of graphical game genres (MUD, FPS, ...) were programmed …

For the "converting images" part, there is bmp2dhr to convert (and dither) images in BMP format to the various Apple formats, including double hires on the IIe. Youtube recordings of such a slideshow …

The Xerox Alto did 606x808 bitmapped graphics in 1973. …

Not sure if you should call it an advantage, but the Apple II used the double color clock frequency to create colors. Consider two bit patterns, 0101010101 1010101010 On a monochrome display, they …

As there have been some questions about vertical cursors: What is the timeline of vertical cursor usage? This includes anything that is positioned between characters. It doesn't have to be a vertical …

According to this, it seems to use a line buffer of 2x 128x9. I didn't follow the analysis myself, so just passing that on. We have die shots and traces. And here are even some details: The PPU has a …

So in your terminology, all modern graphics hardware is "affine", no modern graphics hardware is "homogenous", and you are not aware that the actual affine/homogenous transformations happen before. …

If you mean the original Hercules graphics card (picture further up), it had a video port and a parallel printer port. Neither can be connected to a RS-232 serial port in a sensible way. … And even if you could, there's no way you can simulate a graphics card over an RS-232 connection: The graphics card can be only controlled via the ISA bus. …

This tendency continued with the IBM PC, where graphics cards from EGA onwards also have a redefineable character set. I'm sure there's more. …

This is really lots of questions, so a very general answer: If you want to know how retro vector displays worked, have a look e.g. at the Tektronix 4010, the Vector General, or the various vector dis …

Silicon Graphics started to provide dedicated graphics terminals and workstations in the 80s. So the technology was definitely there, even for 3D. …