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(I guess this isn't really retrocomputing, and more general programming languages theory ...) "Private" in OOP is tied to a particular object, and non-OOP languages usually don't have objects. …

I can't answer the question "what was the earliest microcomputer Logo implementation", but I can give some details on one early microcomputer Logo implementation, namely MIT Logo. As ignos has outlin …

but how was decided that / was the division operator or that * was the multiplication operator? Well, in mathematics you write fractions with a horizontal line, and simple fractions that couldn't be …

All IBM floppy variants (5.25″ and 3.5″, DD and HD) use the same floppy controller, just the timing is different. So the bit pattern structure is the same, even though number of sectors per track etc. …

While these are not programming languages in the same way a Turing Machine is not a computer, they form the core of the ML family of functional programming languages. …

Programming was done on each unit: The accumulator front panel contains, from bottom to top: program trays and sockets; the program control neons; the input, output sockets; the program controls; digit … Together with Schönfinkel he developed a logic of "combinators", which has applications to the lambda calculus (and, very indirectly, modern functional programming languages based on the lambda calculus …

Here is an example taken from page 67 (page 74 of the PDF) of Ralph Grishman: Assembly Language Programming for the Control Data 600 and Cyber Series, that implements the standard Fortran funcion IDIM …

These 5 lines may have been the centerpiece of the code, but the whole of OKAD is a lot larger: The application I use colorForth for is called OKAD, Ok Aided Design. It is set of design tools for VLS …

It depends on the details of the graphics card simulation on VBox, which in turn depends on which graphics mode you have chosen, but assuming you are interested in how it worked on legacy VGA, you hav …

The |> in OCAML and similar operators for point-free (i.e., not using variables, instead composing functions by pipes and other means) programming in other functional (and increasingly, non-functional) … languages go back at least to the seminal article Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style? …

This page has quite a few variants of the source code, including compilers for PL/M, including Z80 variants, and including source marked as copyrighted by Digital Research. There's no documented work …

Another option to build CP/M 2.2 is to build the sources inside a Z80 emulator as described on the z80pack site. I tried this with z80pack version 1.28: Install the CP/M source disk images inside z80 …

Zuse invented the programming language Plankalkül for it between 1943 and 1945, however, the book that he wrote about Plankalkül wasn't published until 1972. Does that count? …

You can look at the file systems: Here are descriptions of the DOS file system and the ProDOS file system. They are quite different, so you attempt to list the files on the disk, usually one approac …

Early computer mice worked by sending a series of pulses At one level, it sounds easy: just run a loop, counting pulses. I did find a description of how this worked in a simpler system, the Apple I …