53
votes
Accepted
Why was it common to reference memory locations using negative numbers on some BASICs?
The difference between Applesoft BASIC and the other Microsoft 6502 BASIC derivatives can be explained by the fact that Applesoft BASIC was not the first BASIC for the Apple II; the first was Apple II ...
- 1,225
35
votes
Accepted
Apple II: Applesoft BASIC memory management
Managing memory on an Apple II using Applesoft BASIC can be quite complicated, especially for large programs.
A general map of Apple II memory at power-up looks like this:
$E000-FFFF - Monitor ROM / ...
- 3,697
31
votes
What does this line: `T=C/2=INT(C/2)` do? Why is it valid syntax?
Explaining what this line does is easy enough: it checks if C is even by dividing it by 2 and comparing the result to its floor, then stores the result of the comparison in the variable T. Comparisons ...
- 23.3k
25
votes
Accepted
How are the randomizer values on the Apple II maintained?
It's incremented while waiting for keyboard input.
The 16-bit random seed (RNDL and RNDH) is updated by the KEYIN routine as it spins while waiting for a key press. KEYIN is used by the Monitor ROM's ...
- 649
23
votes
Accepted
How did the Apple IIe convert to upper case?
This is actually done as part of the Applesoft tokenizer. Basically when you type a line of code into the Applesoft interpreter, the very first thing that happens is that the line is tokenized -- it ...
- 596
20
votes
Accepted
Why does Applesoft BASIC get confused by a nonzero value at $0800?
The Applesoft RUN command ($d912) begins by calling SETPTRS ($d665), which calls STXTPT ($d697) to initialize TXTPTR ($b8-b9) to the value in TXTTAB ($67-68) minus one. In simple terms, parsing of ...
- 9,338
18
votes
Can you read the character definitions (font) in an Apple II using PEEK in Applesoft BASIC?
No, it's not possible to read the built-in text mode font data from "inside" the machine. (Update: Except perhaps in the Apple IIgs - see below.) In all Apple II models the font data is in a ...
- 7,698
17
votes
Accepted
What are the rules for Applesoft BASIC formatting for code?
This is an AppleSoft issue where it puts spaces either side of a token.
PET/CBM BASIC (based off the same code base) doesn't do this.
Tokenising ignores spaces, this means it can be difficult on the ...
- 5,327
16
votes
Accepted
Looking for an accurate Apple II(e) character set - in particular, what is CHR$(133)?
The game was originally written for the TRS-80 and ported to the Apple II.
In an online TRS-80 emulator PRINT CHR$(133) is a partial vertical line.
The TRS-80 character set has other options for &...
- 7,698
15
votes
Accepted
At what address do Apple II Applesoft programs get stored?
The answers can be found in Apple's early "Blue Books". For more info see my answer here.
Applesoft I on tape used $2A00
APPLESOFT I, based on Microsoft 6502 BASIC version 1.1
Documented in the ...
- 7,698
14
votes
Accepted
Apple II: HPLOT crashes system. Why?
In order for the drawing commands to work, they need to know what graphics page to use. Since HGR or HGR2 was not used, this setting (address $00E6) is left undefined, and is at the default boot-time ...
- 3,697
14
votes
Accepted
Extensions to Apple BASIC with ampersands
After a bit of research, it turns out it was Applesoft.
The interpreter had a feature where, if it encountered an ampersand during execution of the program, it would unconditionally jump to a ...
- 4,977
14
votes
Apple IIe SYNTAX ERROR
If an Apple II boots without DOS, then the prompt you get only understands built-in Applesoft commands such as PRINT and LIST. Without DOS, the disk commands such as CATALOG will not be available (and ...
- 7,019
13
votes
Accepted
Are there standalone emulators of Applesoft Basic?
Yes, there are at least a couple:
LinApple - for Linux/Raspberry Pi. This fork of LinApple is current and maintained, and fixes annoying configuration bugs that others hadn't addressed.
AppleWin — ...
- 21.9k
13
votes
Accepted
Why does the Applesoft BASIC have shapes?
Why did Apple include shapes in Applesoft BASIC?
Because they were introduced with the 'Programmers Aid #1 ROM' for Integer BASIC, so it was rather natural for Applesoft to support it as well.
...
- 231k
13
votes
Accepted
Help understanding TAIPAN source code for the Apple II
You don't need to follow the listing far to see the problem.
Line 10 ends with GOTO 10000, and 10000 starts with CALL 6147, which is $1803, smack in the middle of the Applesoft source code, which ...
- 7,698
12
votes
Accepted
Where can I find the Applesoft line-drawing algorithm?
You can find the hi-res drawing code in an Applesoft disassembly. HPLOT starts at $F6FE.
The ROM code is optimized for size, and parts are tricky to sort out. If you want something a bit more ...
- 9,338
12
votes
What are the rules for Applesoft BASIC formatting for code?
Here is a program I wrote several years ago in AppleSoft for the fun of it. What it simply does is disassemble itself from the tokenized storage into a listing. If you run it, it will look the same as ...
- 16.6k
12
votes
What does this line: `T=C/2=INT(C/2)` do? Why is it valid syntax?
The line in question is T=C/2=INT(C/2)
The first '=' is a variable assignment.
The second '=' is part of the expression and is an equality test.
The expression returns a boolean result, which is ...
- 4,631
11
votes
Applesoft (pseudo) Random Numbers - alternatives?
I found an example that plotted on the hi-res screen to evaluate a replacement RNG. The code is based on a Call-A.P.P.L.E. article from 1989, available here. It appears to be a linear congruential ...
- 9,338
11
votes
How did the Apple IIe convert to upper case?
This post has a brief history of Applesoft. You'll note it was modified in 1984 to allow entry of lower-case keywords.
If you look at the PARSE routine (at $d56c) in the ][+ version of Applesoft in ...
- 9,338
10
votes
How to use HGR2 (or HGR) on an Apple II
Problem
Here is a picture (to scale) of how memory is being used in
units of "pages" (256 bytes) on the Apple 2.
000000001111111111111111 2222222222222222 3 ... ... 9
...
- 710
10
votes
Accepted
Turn off Apple IIe sound
In this case, to "toggle" the speaker means to move it from one position to the other. To make a sound, you repeatedly toggle the speaker (by poking that address) at a particular speed to make a sound ...
- 7,019
9
votes
Apple II: Applesoft variable syntax error weirdness
In Applesoft BASIC, the parser recognizes reserved words greedily, but spaces outside tokens or reserved words are ignored. Variable names may consist of any sequence of letters or numbers provided ...
- 38k
9
votes
Extensions to Apple BASIC with ampersands
While paxdiablo answered the question confirming that it was AppleSoft, I can point out three things related to it as an extension:
When you load your extension, it should attempt to relocate itself ...
- 16.6k
9
votes
How did the Apple IIe convert to upper case?
[Oioioi, this is one of the darkest corner of the II line :))]
How did the Apple IIe convert to upper case?
The Apple IIe did not convert at all. That's why the IIe Programmers Reference mentions:
.....
- 231k
8
votes
In Applesoft BASIC, does combining statements into a single line speed up execution?
Yes. Replacing NEXT I with NEXT will also help.
One way to evaluate this is to throw a speaker click (PEEK -16336) into the loop and listen. The faster the loop, the higher the pitch. (Then try it ...
- 9,338
8
votes
How can I run a machine language program off the disk drive on an Apple II?
In Apple DOS simply
BRUN nameoffile
if it is an executable binary (type B in CATALOG) it will load and call the machine language at the address that was used to save the binary. If it is just a blob ...
- 4,368
7
votes
1980's ROM used which exp(n) algorithm?
Monte Davidoff's floating point routines for early Microsoft BASIC used Chebyshev Modified Taylor series for EXP(x). There's a very helpful disassembly of the TRS-80 MC-10 ROM here: http://www.roust-...
- 21.9k
7
votes
Accepted
How can you reset the behavior of ONERR in AppleSoft BASIC?
ZP Location 216 ($D8) holds the ONERR Flag(s) it is non-zero whenever an ONERR target is set. To reset just poke zero here. This is by the way also the recomended method to start any error handling so ...
- 231k
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