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Jörg W Mittag
Jörg W Mittag
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Note that, while some of the major contributions I listed were after the OP's timeframe or in the US, all of the people mentioned made at least one major contribution during the timeframe of the OP outside of the US.

Note that, while some of the major contributions I listed were after the OP's timeframe or in the US, all of the people mentioned made at least one major contribution during the timeframe of the OP outside of the US.

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Jörg W Mittag
Jörg W Mittag
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  • Norway: The most popular Programming Paradigm today is Object-Oriented Programming. The name "Object-Oriented Programming" was coined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in Palo Alto, California, but the paradigm was invented by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard in their language Simula in 1962 at the Norwegian Computing Center of the University of Oslo, Norway.
  • Norway: One of the most popular Patterns for structuring the architecture and design of interactive applications is Model-View-Controller or one of its many variations. MVC was created by Trygve Reenskaug. Technically, he wrote it down in 1979 in America, while visiting the Smalltalk team at Xerox PARC, but he had created and used it before that.
  • UK: As already mentioned in Alan B's answer, most general-purpose CPUs nowadays are ARM CPUs of some form or another. (By "general purpose", I don't mean "desktop" or "server", although ARM is also making inroads on the desktop, and thanks to the popularity of consumer home media servers and the Raspberry Pi also for home servers. I mean "not DSP, not GPU, not microcontroller, not ASIC".) ARM was developed by British company Acorn in 1983. ARM-based chips power practically every smartphone, most tablets, many ultra lite notebooks, a significant portion of home networking equipment from routers to WiFi APs to media servers to NAS devices, and even a very small number of Android-based desktops, plus Raspberry Pis and many of its competitors, and many of the more high-powered IoT devices. Also, many "smart" media devices such as TVs.
  • DenmarkSweden: The Erlang Programming Language, one of the most-hyped programming languages in the late 2000s–early 2010s was designed at Ericsson, starting in 1986. It powers many of Ericssons products in the telephony, GSM, GPRS (2G), UMTS, HSDPA (3G), LTE (4G) space. It is also used by Nortel and T-Mobile. Erlang powers WhatsApp, GitHub, and many other services.
  • Netherlands: Guido van Rossum designed Python, one of the most popular programming languages, during the 1980s, with a first public implementation in 1991.
  • Norway: The most popular Programming Paradigm today is Object-Oriented Programming. The name "Object-Oriented Programming" was coined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in Palo Alto, California, but the paradigm was invented by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard in their language Simula in 1962 at the Norwegian Computing Center of the University of Oslo, Norway.
  • Norway: One of the most popular Patterns for structuring the architecture and design of interactive applications is Model-View-Controller or one of its many variations. MVC was created by Trygve Reenskaug. Technically, he wrote it down in 1979 in America, while visiting the Smalltalk team at Xerox PARC, but he had created and used it before that.
  • UK: As already mentioned in Alan B's answer, most general-purpose CPUs nowadays are ARM CPUs of some form or another. (By "general purpose", I don't mean "desktop" or "server", although ARM is also making inroads on the desktop, and thanks to the popularity of consumer home media servers and the Raspberry Pi also for home servers. I mean "not DSP, not GPU, not microcontroller, not ASIC".) ARM was developed by British company Acorn in 1983. ARM-based chips power practically every smartphone, most tablets, many ultra lite notebooks, a significant portion of home networking equipment from routers to WiFi APs to media servers to NAS devices, and even a very small number of Android-based desktops, plus Raspberry Pis and many of its competitors, and many of the more high-powered IoT devices. Also, many "smart" media devices such as TVs.
  • Denmark: The Erlang Programming Language, one of the most-hyped programming languages in the late 2000s–early 2010s was designed at Ericsson, starting in 1986. It powers many of Ericssons products in the telephony, GSM, GPRS (2G), UMTS, HSDPA (3G), LTE (4G) space. It is also used by Nortel and T-Mobile. Erlang powers WhatsApp, GitHub, and many other services.
  • Netherlands: Guido van Rossum designed Python, one of the most popular programming languages, during the 1980s, with a first public implementation in 1991.
  • Norway: The most popular Programming Paradigm today is Object-Oriented Programming. The name "Object-Oriented Programming" was coined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in Palo Alto, California, but the paradigm was invented by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard in their language Simula in 1962 at the Norwegian Computing Center of the University of Oslo, Norway.
  • Norway: One of the most popular Patterns for structuring the architecture and design of interactive applications is Model-View-Controller or one of its many variations. MVC was created by Trygve Reenskaug. Technically, he wrote it down in 1979 in America, while visiting the Smalltalk team at Xerox PARC, but he had created and used it before that.
  • UK: As already mentioned in Alan B's answer, most general-purpose CPUs nowadays are ARM CPUs of some form or another. (By "general purpose", I don't mean "desktop" or "server", although ARM is also making inroads on the desktop, and thanks to the popularity of consumer home media servers and the Raspberry Pi also for home servers. I mean "not DSP, not GPU, not microcontroller, not ASIC".) ARM was developed by British company Acorn in 1983. ARM-based chips power practically every smartphone, most tablets, many ultra lite notebooks, a significant portion of home networking equipment from routers to WiFi APs to media servers to NAS devices, and even a very small number of Android-based desktops, plus Raspberry Pis and many of its competitors, and many of the more high-powered IoT devices. Also, many "smart" media devices such as TVs.
  • Sweden: The Erlang Programming Language, one of the most-hyped programming languages in the late 2000s–early 2010s was designed at Ericsson, starting in 1986. It powers many of Ericssons products in the telephony, GSM, GPRS (2G), UMTS, HSDPA (3G), LTE (4G) space. It is also used by Nortel and T-Mobile. Erlang powers WhatsApp, GitHub, and many other services.
  • Netherlands: Guido van Rossum designed Python, one of the most popular programming languages, during the 1980s, with a first public implementation in 1991.
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Jörg W Mittag
Jörg W Mittag
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Raffzahn's answer contains a list of "firsts", so I will try to come up with a list of "mosts".

  • Norway: The most popular Programming Paradigm today is Object-Oriented Programming. The name "Object-Oriented Programming" was coined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in Palo Alto, California, but the paradigm was invented by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard in their language Simula in 1962 at the Norwegian Computing Center of the University of Oslo, Norway.
  • Norway: One of the most popular Patterns for structuring the architecture and design of interactive applications is Model-View-Controller or one of its many variations. MVC was created by Trygve Reenskaug. Technically, he wrote it down in 1979 in America, while visiting the Smalltalk team at Xerox PARC, but he had created and used it before that.
  • UK: As already mentioned in Alan B's answer, most general-purpose CPUs nowadays are ARM CPUs of some form or another. (By "general purpose", I don't mean "desktop" or "server", although ARM is also making inroads on the desktop, and thanks to the popularity of consumer home media servers and the Raspberry Pi also for home servers. I mean "not DSP, not GPU, not microcontroller, not ASIC".) ARM was developed by British company Acorn in 1983. ARM-based chips power practically every smartphone, most tablets, many ultra lite notebooks, a significant portion of home networking equipment from routers to WiFi APs to media servers to NAS devices, and even a very small number of Android-based desktops, plus Raspberry Pis and many of its competitors, and many of the more high-powered IoT devices. Also, many "smart" media devices such as TVs.
  • Denmark: The Erlang Programming Language, one of the most-hyped programming languages in the late 2000s–early 2010s was designed at Ericsson, starting in 1986. It powers many of Ericssons products in the telephony, GSM, GPRS (2G), UMTS, HSDPA (3G), LTE (4G) space. It is also used by Nortel and T-Mobile. Erlang powers WhatsApp, GitHub, and many other services.
  • Netherlands: Guido van Rossum designed Python, one of the most popular programming languages, during the 1980s, with a first public implementation in 1991.

These two happened slightly after the time period you specified:

  • Finland: Linux, the Operating System used by most servers, most smartphones, and many network and IoT devices, was started in 1991 in Helsinki, Finland by Linus Torvalds.
  • Japan: Ruby, one of the most-hyped programming languages of the late 2000s–early 2010s, was designed by Yukihiro Matsumoto in early 1993.

And a list of "honorable mentions" that doesn't really fit into the category of "most":

  • Tony Hoare (UK): Important contributions to Program Verification (e.g. Hoare Logic), Concurrency (Communicating Sequential Processes), Programming Languages (served on the ALGOL 60 and 68 committees), Algorithms (Quicksort and Quickselect). He is also famous for blaming himself for inventing the NULL Reference, which he calls his "billion dollar mistake", alluding to an estimate of the cost caused by uncaught null pointer dereferences.
  • Christopher Strachey (UK): Important contributions to Functional Programming, Programming Language Theory, and Type Theory. Described the difference between and coined the terms for Parametric Polymorphism and Ad-Hoc Polymorphism. One of the founders of Denotational Semantics.
  • Phil Wadler: (UK): many contributions to Haskell, Functional Programming, and Type Theory. Introduced Monads into the world of programming. Co-designed Java Generics.
  • Peter Landin (UK): many contributions to Functional Programming, Programming Language Theory, and Type Theory. Created ISWIM, for which he invented the "off-side rule" (block structure is defined by indentation instead of keywords or delimiters), which is used in languages such as Miranda, Haskell, Occam-π, Python, Boo, Scala 3, and F# (in "light mode").
  • Luca Cardelli (Italy): countless and major contributions to Type Theory and Operational Semantics. Coined the term Typeful Programming.
  • Simon Peyton-Jones (UK): One of the principal designers of Haskell, and one of the principal designers and implementers of GHC, the Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compiler.
  • Erik Meijer (Netherlands): Important contributions to the design of Haskell. Most well-known for his work at Microsoft in Redmond, though (worked on the design of VBScript, C#, VisualBasic.NET, and the .NET BCL, principal designer of LINQ and Rx.NET).