Before (and parallel to) computer and/or tabulating machine punch cards there have been other systems for data processing. For example Edge-Notched Cards. These systems where used for manual indexing, sorting and searching, and where not mentmeant for automated processing (*1). While references to the Edge-Notched Card system are rather easy to come by, as they may have had large usage in the US, I wasn't able to find any about other systems - at least not in English language sources.
The most simple way might betobe to describe them in short:
- First ofc, the Edge Notch Cards - German name Kerblochkarte, literalyliteral Kerf Hole Card (Kerf as Middle English for Notch) or Randlochkarte, literalyliteral Edge Hole Card.
Here each card has a number of holes along one or more edges. For example 26 on the one edge to encode the 26 basic latin letters along an employee record, so the first letter of the name could be endodedencoded and searched (*2). Selections would be made by pirceingpiercing knitting needle like tools thru a stack encoding the search term and shaking it to have all matching cards fall out. ExtreamExtrem handy, isn't it :))
- Next is the Schlitzlochkarte - literalyliteral Slit (Slot) Hole Card
- The third system are Sichtlochkarten - literalyliteral Sight (View) Hole Cards
Let's say there are cards prepared for differnt subjects like Astronomy, Mathematics, Physics, and so on, as well as book cathegories. To find a Novel about a Mathematician practicingpractising Fortune Telling one only needs to pick these three cards, stack them and hold the stack against some light. Whereever there are a hole for the same book on all three cards the light will shine thru, and the book(s) marked are the ones we want to have a look at (*4).
Funny sideshow: These systems where not only used way into the 1970s, but today it's mainly people from the humanities like librarians et.al who remember them, while engineers and CS people have forgotenforgotten them - or even never heared about.
*1 - Automated in the sense of tabulating machiensmachines or computers.
*2 - This is just a simple first explanation, there are various strategies to mkaemake hash like encodingsencoding with multiple notches so even for a large company only a few hits would be returned, making it easy to weed out false hits - much like selecting the right hit from the first page of a Google search :)) Here's a very nice example about what could be done.
*5 - I'm not looking for applications of (more or less) standartstandard punchcard systems from Jacquard to hotel key cards, but such with a fundamental different aproachapproach than binary.